Exchange Rates Unchanged-1
EXCHANGE RATES UNCHANGED- Republic of Cuba government-operated
Cajas de Cambio S.A. (CADECA) sold the Convertible Peso, equal to one U.S.
Dollar, for 21 Pesos and purchased the U.S. Dollar for 21 Pesos, as it
has since 15 July 1998. CADECA purchased the U.S. Dollar for 19 Pesos
and sold the U.S. Dollar for 21 Pesos from 1 April 1998 to 14 July 1998.
CADECA purchased the U.S. Dollar for 20 Pesos and sold the U.S. Dollar
for 22 Pesos from 12 March 1998 to 31 March 1998. CADECA purchased
the U.S. Dollar for 21 Pesos and sold the U.S. Dollar for 23 Pesos from
11 February 1998 to 11 March 1998. CADECA purchased and sold the
U.S. Dollar for 23 Pesos from August 1997 through 10 February 1998.
CADECA purchased the U.S. Dollar for 24 Pesos and sold the U.S. Dollar
for 24 Pesos in August 1996. The official international exchange
rate of one Peso to one U.S. Dollar, in effect for more than thirty years,
remained unchanged. The government maintains a fixed exchange rate
for its international dealings and a more flexible exchange rate for domestic
use. The government does not fluctuate the value of the Peso for
commercial transactions regardless of any fluctuation with the value of
the U.S. Dollar or other currencies on the international market.
The Peso and the U.S. Dollar circulate freely in the Republic of Cuba.
NATIONAL BANK OF CUBA EXCHANGE RATES- The following are the biweekly
official exchange rates between the Republic of Cuba Convertible Peso,
equal to one U.S. Dollar, and selected international currencies as of 11
September 1998. The National Bank of the Republic of Cuba cautions
that these rates do not necessarily reflect the exchange rates at all Republic
of Cuba government-operated banks as each bank is authorized to establish
its own exchange rates.
ANOTHER NEW LICENSING RECORD BY THE OFAC- After recently processing
a license in seven days, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of
the United States Department of the Treasury in Washington, D.C., has processed
a license request in four days for representatives of a group of United
States-based healthcare products companies to visit the Republic of Cuba
for the purpose of meeting with representatives of entities associated
with the Ministry of Public Health (MINSAP) of the Republic of Cuba.
The process for United States-based companies to obtain a license from
the OFAC has been to 1) mail a license application to the OFAC
2) Upon receipt of a license application, the OFAC will send to the
applicant a form-response indicating that the application has been received
and including a reference number for the application. The form-response
will also state that if the applicant has not heard from the OFAC within
thirty days, that the applicant should once again contact the OFAC.
3) The United States-based company would expect to wait from two
weeks to thirty days to receive a license from the OFAC. Directly
as a result of an almost twenty-four-month effort by the U.S.-Cuba Trade
and Economic Council, representatives of United States-based healthcare
companies have, since October 1996, been permitted under license from the
OFAC to visit the Republic of Cuba for the purpose of seeking sales opportunities.
These visits have also included authorization to temporarily export healthcare
product samples for demonstration purposes after obtaining a temporary
export license from the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) of the United
States Department of Commerce. Member companies of the U.S.-Cuba
Trade and Economic Council were the recipients of the first, second,
and third, as well as, the majority of all of the
issued licenses to date by the OFAC authorizing travel by company representatives
to the Republic of Cuba for the purpose of exploring sales opportunities
for medical equipment, medical instrument, medical supply, and pharmaceutical
products. A member company of the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council
was the recipient of the first license issued by the BXA
authorizing temporary export of medical equipment to the Republic of Cuba
for demonstration purposes during discussions to explore sales opportunities.
UNITED STATES CORPORATE DONATION POLICY UPDATE- The United States
government permits United States-based companies to donate healthcare products
and food products to the people of the Republic of Cuba. The United
States government permits United States-based companies to sell healthcare
products for use by the people of the Republic of Cuba. The United
States government does not permit United States-based companies to sell
food products for use by the people of the Republic of Cuba. United
States-based companies may donate healthcare products and food products
directly to a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) within the Republic of
Cuba, such as Caritas Cubana (which represents the Roman Catholic Church)
or the Red Cross, for example. United States-based companies may
donate healthcare products and food products to a United States-based NGO
which would then transport to the Republic of Cuba and distribute the donation
within the Republic of Cuba. An increasing number of United States-based
companies are finding substantive marketing value within the Republic of
Cuba can be gained by making donations directly. Healthcare product
donations to the Republic of Cuba require a license from the Bureau of
Export Administration (BXA) of the United States Department of Commerce.
Food product donations require a license from the Bureau of Export Administration
(BXA) of the United States Department of Commerce. Healthcare products
and food products may be transported directly from the United States to
the Republic of Cuba by air or by sea. The United States Department of
State provides authorization for vessels to travel from the United States
to the Republic of Cuba and to return directly from the Republic of Cuba
to the United States. The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)
of the United States Department of the Treasury provides licenses for individuals
(in this case, representatives of United States-based companies) subject
to United States law to visit the Republic of Cuba in conjunction with
the arrival, distribution, and subsequent monitoring of a donation of healthcare
products and/or food products to an NGO within the Republic of Cuba.
USTR MAKES TRADEMARK INQUIRY TO DOMINICAN REPUBLIC- The Office
of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), at the request of the
Patent and Trademark Office within the United States Department of Commerce,
made an inquiry to the government of the Dominican Republic in August 1998
in advance of the visit of H.E. Dr. Fidel Castro Ruz, President of the
Republic of Cuba. At the request of a United States-based company
with a consumer product trademark registered within the Dominican Republic,
the USTR “reminded” the government of the Dominican Republic as to the
ownership of the particular trademark “just in case” the government of
the Dominican Republic “decided to make a gesture to” President Castro
in conjunction with his visit to the Dominican Republic. The United
States-based company was concerned that the government of the Dominican
Republic might assign the rights for the trademark to a Republic of Cuba
government-operated entity as a demonstration of a continued improvement
in the commercial, economic, and political relationship between the two
countries. The Dominican Republic and Republic of Cuba restored diplomatic
relations earlier this year, after more than thirty five years. The
Dominican Republic was the last of the independent Caribbean Sea-area
countries to restore diplomatic relations with the Republic of Cuba, although
unofficial economic and cultural relations have strengthened during the
last few years, with bilateral trade reported to have been US$60 million
in 1997.
FAA ESTIMATES CUBA OWES US$1 MILLION FOR OVERFLIGHT FEES- Information
obtained from an inquiry to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) within
the United States Department of Transportation by the U.S.-Cuba Trade and
Economic Council shows that Republic of Cuba government-operated Cubana
Airlines and Republic of Cuba government-operated AeroCaribbean Airlines
were invoiced approximately US$1 million by the FAA for the period May
1997 to 31 January 1998 for overflight fees. The invoices were not,
however, sent to the Republic of Cuba. The FAA reports that Cubana
Airlines flights and AeroCaribbean Airlines flights continually use the
services of the FAA for their operations within the Caribbean Sea-area
and the Caribbean Basin-area. In March 1997, the FAA issued an Interim
Final Rule which established fees for aircraft that transit, but neither
land nor take-off from the United States. Subsequently, non-United
States-based airlines challenged the Interim Final Rule on the basis of
its methodology for determining the overflight fees. One result of
the legal challenge to the Interim Final Rule was that all non-United States-based
airlines for which the FAA had prepared invoices for overflights for the
period May 1997 to 31 January 1998 would not have to pay those invoices,
even if they, the airlines, had been presented with invoices by the FAA.
The FAA expects to submit a revised Interim Final Rule in 1999. The
United States had never before sought overflight fees from non-United States-based
airlines, but the United States Congress directed the FAA to seek new revenue
opportunities. Other countries charge overflight fees based upon
authorizations contained within the Chicago Convention and the Montreal,
Canada-based International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) under the
auspice of the United Nations (UN). The Office of Foreign Assets
Control (OFAC) of the United States Department of the Treasury permits
United States-based airlines to make overflight payments to the Institute
of Civil Aeronautics (IACC) of the Republic of Cuba. Such payments
total approximately US$6 million annually and are paid by United States-based
airlines including Houston, Texas-based Continental Airlines, Dallas/Fort
Worth Airport, Texas-based American Airlines, and Elk Grove Township, Illinois-based
United Airlines, among others.
GUATEMALA TO SIGN INVESTMENT PROTECTION AND PROMOTION AGREEMENT-
H.E. Luis Flores Asturias, Vice President of Guatemala, and H.E. Eduardo
Stein, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guatemala, is expected to arrive
in the Republic of Cuba on 16 September 1998 along with a fifty-member
business representative delegation. The government of Guatemala and
the government of the Republic of Cuba are expected to sign an Investment
Promotion and Protection Agreement and various other cooperation agreements.
The Republic of Cuba has more than thirty Investment Protection and Promotion
Agreements with countries including the United Kingdom, Germany, France,
Spain, Argentina, and Italy among others. The two countries resumed
diplomatic relations in January 1998 after a 36-year hiatus.
MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR AVAILABLE FOR DIRECT FOREIGN
INVESTMENT- Mr. Jose Carlos Alvarez, Commercial Director of Republic
of Cuba government-operated IMEFA (which represents the medical equipment
and pharmaceutical industries), under the auspice of the Ministry of Public
Health of the Republic of Cuba, is seeking direct investment from non-Republic
of Cuba-based companies for the production of raw materials used in various
pharmaceuticals, from antibiotics and cytostatics to steroids; and for
the initiation and expansion of the production of various medical supplies
such as blood bags, parenteral instruments, surgical sutures, disposable
syringes, blood extractors, blood transfusion equipment, probes, and catheters.
Mr. Alvarez said that prospective providers of direct investment should
be capable of providing financing, technology, and markets. In an
interview with the monthly magazine, Business Tips on Cuba, he said
that two examples of direct investment were: 1) a joint venture,
GIST BROCADES, with capital from an unidentified non-Republic of Cuba-based
pharmaceutical company, produced antibiotics and 2) an economic
association with Italy-based Moroni to produce sanitary napkins.
Mr. Alvarez reported that other projects in the advanced stages of negotiations.
BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR UNAVAILABLE FOR DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT-
H.E. Dr. Rosa Elena Simeon, Minister of Science, Environment, and Technology
of the Republic of Cuba, said that direct foreign investment in the biotechnology
sector would not be permitted, “although contracts are signed for the marketing
abroad of some products that require a special market orientation.”
According to Law No. 77 enacted in 1995 by the National Assembly of People’s
Power of the Republic of Cuba, the Republic of Cuba permits direct foreign
investment in all sectors of the economy with the exception of: the military
and national security; domestic health care; and education. Minister
Simeon explained the contradiction in an interview with the monthly magazine,
Business Tips on Cuba. “We cannot open up to direct investment
a field whose development has cost us so much in human and material resources,
but in the sale abroad of the results of these efforts, it is often essential
to rely on the help of entities or persons with know how and prestige in
a very sensitive and specialized market.” Despite the comments of
Minister Simeon, senior-level officials of the government of the Republic
of Cuba acknowledge that direct foreign investment in the biotechnology
sector is essential for the country to recoup its investment in equipment
and as a strategy toward seeking to retain within the Republic of Cuba
those Republic of Cuba nationals who have, in an increasing number of instances,
been identified by non-Republic of Cuba-based healthcare companies as potential
employees who can be encouraged to leave the Republic of Cuba by access
to higher salaries, more research funds, and state-of-the-art facilities
and equipment.
BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR EXPORT PROSPECTS, CURRENT REVENUES, AND BUDGET-
H.E. Dr. Rosa Elena Simeon, Minister of Science, Environment, and Technology
of the Republic of Cuba, said that the biotechnology sector had the potential
to export between US$800 million and US$1 billion in human-related, animal-related,
and plant-related products during the next five years. The government
of the Republic of Cuba has previously reported substantial increases in
pharmaceutical exports, particularly to countries in Latin America, Africa,
and to the Middle East. The government of the Republic of Cuba has
been using pharmaceutical product exports as one means of repaying foreign
debt, particularly to countries within Latin America. Previously-provided
pharmaceutical export U.S. Dollar values from senior-level sources within
the government of the Republic of Cuba have been as high as US$290 million
for 1997, but the National Statistics Office (NSO) of the Republic of Cuba
recently published that 1996 gross revenues were US$102.312 million.
Minister Simeon explained in an interview with the monthly magazine, Business
Tips on Cuba, that the 1998 U.S. Dollar budget of the Republic of Cuba
biotechnology sector was between US$50 million and US$70 million.
MALAYSIA COMPANIES SIGN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PHARMACEUTICAL AGREEMENT-
A consortium of Malaysia-based companies and the government of the Republic
of Cuba signed a letter of intent on 9 September 1998. The purpose
of the agreement is to market Republic of Cuba-produced biotechnology products
and Republic of Cuba-produced pharmaceutical products throughout Asia.
The consortium includes Malaysia-based companies: Yayasan Pelajaran Johor
sdn bhd, Floreat, and kumpulan Sungai Chat; and Republic of Cuba government-operated
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, under the auspice of
Dr. Manuel Limonta Vidal.
GERMAN COMPANY HAS VETERINARY MEDICINES AGREEMENT- The
Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Cuba and Germany based Bremar
Pharma have signed an agreement to jointly produce and market veterinarian
medicines for the Republic of Cuba domestic market and for export.
The principal product to be produced is a vaccine against Bovine Tic disease.
TOURIST ARRIVALS NEAR ONE MILLION- Sources within the Ministry
of Tourism of the Republic of Cuba reported (officially) that tourist arrivals
would reach one million on or around 20 September 1998, compared to tourist
arrivals of approximately one million by 17 November 1997. The sources
said that tourist arrivals for 1998 will be the planned 1.4 million.
The Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of Cuba is focusing upon the medium
to long range impact of the continuing, and in some cases, increasing economic
crisis within those countries from which the Republic of Cuba receives
its tourist arrivals. To date, there has been a reported decline
in tourist arrivals from Latin America. Gross direct and indirect
tourism revenues for 1998 are expected to be US$1.75 billion, although
officials of the government of the Republic of Cuba have also reported
that planned gross direct and indirect tourism revenues for 1998 would
be US$2 billion. In 1997, 1.17 million tourists visited the Republic
of Cuba, generating gross direct and indirect revenues of approximately
US$1.5 billion.
HAVANA’S MELIA COHIBA REPORTS RECORD REVENUES- Mr. Carlos Villota,
General Manager of Havana’s Melia Cohiba Hotel, said that from January
1998 through August 1998 the property had earned gross revenues of approximately
US$18 million, of which US$8 million was gross profit. Mr. Villota
said that with a daily occupancy rate averaging 83%, the property’s 1998
gross revenue plan of US$26 million would be achieved. Madrid, Spain-based
Grupo Sol Melia manages the Melia Cohiba, which is owned by Republic of
Cuba government operated Cubanacan S.A.. Grupo Sol Melia manages,
and, in some cases, has a direct or indirect investment in, 11 properties
within the Republic of Cuba, with plans to expand the number of properties
to a total of twenty-five by the year 2001.
VIRTUAL REALITY TOURISM PROMOTION- Italy-based Grupo Ostiensis
Viaggi, in conjunction with other Italy-based companies, including Telecom
Italia (a subsidiary of which, Stet International, has a 29.29% investment
in ETECSA, the Republic of Cuba government-operated joint venture telephone
company), is producing a 20-minute virtual reality documentary about the
Republic of Cuba’s tourism sector. The digitally-produced documentary
will be broadcast via satellite to home shopping computer networks where
consumers can purchase tourism packages.
CIGAR PRODUCTION UPDATE- Mr. Francisco Linares, President
of Republic of Cuba government operated Habanos S.A., the exclusive marketer
of Republic of Cuba-produced cigars, said that 160 million units would be produced in 1998, producing gross
revenues of approximately US$250 million. In 1997, the Republic of
Cuba produced 101 million cigars, producing gross revenues of approximately
US$170 million. Mr. Linares said Habanos directly earned an average
US$1.32 per cigar, and up to US$3.00 per cigar for higher-quality brands.
He said that Habanos S.A. had established with non-Republic of Cuba-based
companies six joint ventures and various economic associations through
which Habanos expected to obtain 50% of the profits from retail sales throughout
the world. Mr. Linares said that the high cost of Republic of Cuba-produced
cigars was due mainly to import duties and taxes; for example, in Canada,
where retail prices range up to US$40.00 per cigar. Mr. Linares reported
that Habanos would introduce two new cigar brands in 1999, both aimed at
the middle to lower end of the international market. During the last
two years, Habanos has introduced Cuaba, Vegas Robaina, Vegueros, and Trinidad
brand cigars, all aimed at the middle to high end of the international
market. The Republic of Cuba’s tobacco crop is 70% financed by 11
non-Republic of Cuba-based distributors, whom reportedly loaned approximately
US$150 million in 1997 1998. Projected 1998 sales of Republic of
Cuba-produced cigars in millions of units are as follows: Spain
40; France 12; cigars purchased within the Republic of Cuba
10; United Kingdom 5.6; Canada 5; Switzerland 4.4; Germany
3.4; Netherlands 2.9; Mexico- 2.8; Africa and the Middle East
10; and the remainder to other countries. Republic of Cuba cigar
production is one of the fastest growing sectors of the economy, with plans
to produce 200 million units in 1999. There are approximately 37,000
private tobacco farmers within the Republic of Cuba and 33 cigar factories
within the Republic of Cuba, employing approximately 20,000 workers.
In order to obtain and in order to sustain increased tobacco and cigar
production, as well as, to maintain production quality controls, the government
of the Republic of Cuba has had to implement U.S. Dollar-based production
bonus programs for Republic of Cuba nationals. Such U.S. Dollar-based
production bonus programs are becoming increasingly necessary for the government
of the Republic of Cuba to obtain value from Republic of Cuba nationals
who have become increasingly demonstrative as to their requiring a U.S.
Dollar-based percentage of any product or service from which the government
of the Republic of Cuba will obtain U.S. Dollars as a result of their individual
effort.
TOTAL “PRIVATE” SECTOR EMPLOYED IS REPORTED TO BE MORE THAN 300,000-
The National Tax Office (NTO) of the Republic of Cuba reported that more
than 300,000 Republic of Cuba nationals were engaged in licensed categories
of self employment, out of a total work force of approximately 4,500,000.
The Republic of Cuba has approximately 11 million citizens. According
to the inaugural issue of the NTO’s quarterly publication, The Contributor,
at the end of June 1998 approximately 155,000 Republic of Cuba nationals
were licensed to engage in 157 different classifications of self employment,
from home-based restaurants to home-based beauty parlors to bicycle repair
to bicycle parking to providers of various building trades, mainly for
home repair. The NTO reported that an additional 11,000 Republic
of Cuba nationals were licensed to provide transportation services, and
6,000 Republic of Cuba nationals were licensed to rent rooms in their homes
and apartments in their homes. The NTO reported an equal number of
Republic of Cuba nationals worked on private farms and in cooperatives,
or worked as sales personnel for the private agricultural sector.
The government of the Republic of Cuba reported of 3,626,700 Republic of
Cuba nationals employed in 1996: 2,817,500, or 77.7% were employed by the
government of the Republic of Cuba; 348,800, or 9.6%, were members of newly-established
quasi private cooperatives created from former Republic of Cuba government-operated
farms; 110,300, or 3%, were employed by joint ventures and companies; 38,400,
or 1.1%, by Republic of Cuba government-operated political and Republic
of Cuba government-operated social organizations; 191,700, or 5.3%, were
private farmers or cooperative members; and 120,000, or 3.3% were self
employed.
UNDP RANKS CUBA 85TH OF 174 COUNTRIES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT- The
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ranked the Republic of Cuba 85th
in overall human development out of 174 countries surveyed. The Republic
of Cuba ranked 11th in the Latin American region, after Chile, Costa Rica,
Argentina, Uruguay, Panama, Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and Ecuador.
The Republic of Cuba ranked ahead of Peru, the Dominican Republic, Paraguay,
Guatemala, El Salvador, Bolivia, Honduras, Nicaragua and Haiti. The
report, based on data through 1995, said that the Republic of Cuba remained
near or at the top of the Latin American region for healthcare, education,
sanitary conditions, life expectancy, and infant mortality. The report
ranked the Republic of Cuba near the bottom of the Latin American region
in terms of food consumption.
13.1% OF CUBA’S POPULATION MORE THAN 60 YEARS OF AGE- Mr. Osvaldo
Prieto, Director of the Republic of Cuba government-operated Ibero-American
Center for the Old Age, reported that there are currently 1,400,000 Republic
of Cuba nationals whom are more than 60 years of age, representing approximately
13.1% of the country’s population of approximately 11 million. The
Ibero-American Center For Old Age estimates that within twenty-five years
approximately 25% of the country’s population will be more than 60 years
of age. The Ministry of Finances and Prices of the Republic of Cuba
reported in July 1998 that there were 4,500,000 Republic of Cuba nationals
in the workforce. The recently-published 1996 Statistical Abstract
of the Republic of Cuba, reported 6.65 million Republic of Cuba nationals
were between the 17 years of age and 59 years of age in 1996.
Clarification In the 24 August 1998 to 30 August 1998 issue of the ECONOMIC EYE ON
CUBA©, the following information, which appears in bold italics
within [ ], was inadvertently deleted. Our apologies.
“GERMANY’S HOECHST IN INDUSTRIAL GAS VENTURE- The Union of Industrial
Gases Enterprises of the Republic of Cuba and Messer Enterprises,
a subsidiary of Frankfurt, Germany-based Hoechst AG, have established a
joint venture, Oxi-Acero S.A., which is operating the Republic of Cuba's
largest oxygen and nitrogen gas plant on the outskirts of the city of Havana.
The plant has a capacity to produce 70% of all such gases currently manufactured
in within the Republic of Cuba. [The plant was reportedly constructed
in eleven months at a cost of approximately US$4 million].
Mr. Jurgen Nicklaus, Latin American Representative of Messer, said that
the company planned to invest US$40 million to upgrade and to construct
other industrial gas manufacturing plants within the Republic of Cuba during
the next few years.”
UPDATED SPEAKING SCHEDULE From 29 October 1998 to 31 October 1998, Mr. John S. Kavulich II, President
of the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council, will be a guest of The Stanley
Foundation (headquartered in Muscatine, Iowa) at its “Cuba and the United
States: Approaches to Engagement” at the 39th Strategy for Peace Conference
at the Airlie Center near Warrington, Virginia. The conference will
On 11 November 1998, Mr. John S. Kavulich II, President of the U.S.-Cuba
Trade and Economic Council, will appear at the annual College Music
Journal (CMJ) Music Marathon-Musicfest & Filmfest at the Millennium
Hotel in New York City as a panelist for a discussion entitled “Whirled
Music: The Cuban Experience.” The CMJ Music Marathon- Musicfest &
Filmfest is the world’s largest and longest running new music convention
and festival featuring panels, workshops, and 1,000 musicians performing
at more than 60 venues in and around New York City. The projected
attendance is 8,000.
ANNUAL MEMBER LUNCHEON UPDATE
The annual member luncheon of the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council
is being tentatively-scheduled for October 1998 in New York City.
The principal guest speaker will be the chairman of a non-United States-based
healthcare company which has operations within the Republic of Cuba.
Austria- Shilling
Denmark- Krone
Norway- Krone
Sweden- Krona
Australia- Dollar
Canada- Dollar
United States- Dollar
Portugal- Escudo
The Netherlands- Guilder
Belgium- Franc
France- Franc
Switzerland- Franc
United Kingdom- Pound Sterling
Italy- Lira
Germany- Mark
Finland- Markka
Spain- Peseta
Mexico- Peso
Japan- Yen
bring together approximately fifty experts from the public and private
sectors from the United States and from the Republic of Cuba.
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